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Türkiye Cumhuriyeti


Républik Turki

Bandéra Lambang
Motto: basa Turki: Yurtta Sulh, Cihanda Sulh (basa Sunda: "Damai di Imah, Damai di Dunya")
Lagu: İstiklâl Marşı (basa Sunda: "Mars Kamerdikaan")
Ibukota	Ankara 41°ane′Northward 28°57′E
Kota panggedéna	İstanbul
Basa resmi	basa Turki
Pamaréntahan	Républik
- Présidén	Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
- Vice-Présidén	Fuat Oktay
Ngadegna
- Ottoman Empire	1299
- Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire	1908–1922
- Germination of Parliament	23 April 1920
- Start of State of war of Independence	xix Méi 1919
- Victory Day	30 Augustus 1922
- Declaration of Democracy	29 Oktober 1923
Wewengkon
- Full	783,562 km² (ka-37)
	302,534 sq mi
- Cai (%)	1.iii
Populasi
- Perkiraan taun 2005	73,193,000 (17th 1)
- Sénsus taun 2000	67,844,903
- Kapadetan	93/km² (102nd 1) 241/sq mi
GDP (PPP)	2006 (éstimasi)
- Total	$612.three billion (19th)
- Perkapita	$eight,385 (75th)
HDI (2003)	0.750 (94th) –medium
Mata uang	New Turkish Liratwo (Endeavor)
Wewengkon wanci	EET (UTC+ii)
- Summer (DST)	EEST (UTC+three)
Internét TLD	.tr
Kode telepon	+90
one. Population & Density ranks based on 2005 figures. 2. Since 1 January 2005, the New Turkish Lira (Yeni Türk Lirası) replaced the onetime Turkish Lira.

Turki
(basa Turki:
Türkiye), resmina
Républik Turki
(
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti

(pitulung·info)
), nyaéta hiji nagara di Eurasia nu ngampar sapanjang
semenanjung
Anatolia di Asia kulon kidul sarta wewengkon Balkan ti Éropa wétan kidul. Wates-wates Turki nyaéta dalapan nagara:

• Bulgaria di beulah kulon kalér;
• Yunani di beulah kulon;
• Georgia di beulah wétan kalér;
• Arménia, Islamic republic of iran jeung
  exclave
  Nakhichevan ti Azerbaijan di beulah wétan;
• Irak jeung Syria di beulah wétan kidul.

Minangka tambahan, Turki diwawatesanan ku Laut Hideung di beulah kalér; Laut Aegean jeung Laut Marmara di beulah kulon; sarta Laut Méditerania di beulah kidul.

Républik Turki netepkeun dirina minangka républik nu démokratis, sékulér, jeung konstitusional nu mana sistim pulitikna diadegkeun dina taun 1923. Turki mangrupa nagara anggota PBB, NATO, OSCE, OECD, OKI, sarta Déwan Éropa. Ogé mangrupa nagara calon pikeun ngagabung jeung Uni Éropa. Alatan lokasina nu stratégis, ngajagangan Éropa jeung Asia sarta aya di antara tilu sagara, Turki geus jadi jalan nyabrang bersajarah antara budaya wétan jeung kulon. Turki mangrupa tempat keur sababaraha peradaban sarta jadi tempat bitotama antar maranéhannana.

Citakan:Morepolitics The Politics of Turkey takes place in a framework of a secular parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Turkey is the caput of authorities, and of a pluriform multi-political party arrangement. Executive power is exercised by the regime. Legislative ability is vested in both the government and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.

Executive branch

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The office of Héad of State is performed past the President
(Cumhurbaşkanı). A présidént is elected every seven yéars by the Thou National Assembly. The présidént does non have to be a member of parliament. The current présidént Ahmet Necdet Sezer, was elected by Parliament on May 16, 2000. Executive power rests in the Prime Government minister
(Başbakan)
and the Council of Ministers
(Bakanlar Kurulu). The Ministers accept to exist members of Parliament; however, the Prime Minister is no longer required to be an MP. The Prime Minister is elected by the parliament through a vote of conviction in his government. The Prime Minister is Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, whose Islamic conservative AKP won a bulk of parliamentry séats in the 2002 general elections. The Chairman of the Parliament is Bülent Arınç from the same party. The current présidént of the Constitutional Court is Mustafa Bumin.

Legislative branch

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Legislative ability is invested in the 550-séat Grand National Assembly of Turkey (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi), representing 81 provinces. The members are elected for a 5 yéar term by mitigated proportional representation with an ballot threshold of 10 %. To avoid fragmentation of parliament, a party must win at léast 10% of the national vote in a national parliamentary ballot to proceeds parliamentary representation. Independent candidates may run, and to be elected, they must only win 10% of the vote in the province from which they are running. The Turkish military plays an informal political role, seeing itself as the guardian of the secular, unitary nature of the commonwealth. Political parties deemed anti-secular or separatist by the judiciary can be banned. Turkey has a multi-political party organisation, with several strong parties..

Foreign Relations

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Turkish-EU relations

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Turkey'due south main political, economic and military relations remain rooted within Western Europe and the United States. An associate fellow member of the Européan Marriage since 1964, Turkey is currently in the procedure of accretion pending the completion of negotiations. A major source of tension in its EU aspirations is the issue of Cyprus, a member of the European union which Turkey does non recognise, but instéad supports the
de facto contained

Turkish Cypriot north. Other factors include Turkey'southward homo rights tape, its relatively large population, its relatively poor (although fast growing) economy and proximity to the volatile Middle éast. Based on what it views as lukewarm back up for its accesion to the Eu and declared double standards in its negotiations (France and Austria have indicated they will hold referendums on Turkey'due south membership) the Turkish public has become incréasingly euroskeptic in recent times. A mid-2006 Eurobarometer survey revéaled that 43% of Turkish citizens view the EU positively; simply 35% trust the EU, 45% support enlargement and only 29% back up an EU constitution
^[1]. It is believed that the accession process would take at léast ten yéars which would méan that Turkey would enter the European union in 2015 at the éarliest.

Turkish-American relations

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Turkey has remained a shut ally of the United States, supporting it in the state of war on terror in the post September 11th climate. Nevertheless, the Republic of iraq state of war faced stiff domestic opposition in Turkey and equally such, the Turkish parliament voted against allowing US troops to attack Iraq from its south-éastern border. This led to a period of cooling in relations, only presently regained momentum through diplomatic, humanitarian and indirect war machine back up. Turkey is particularly cautious about an independent Kurdish land arising from a destabilised Republic of iraq. Turkey has fought an insurgent war against the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), that seeks Kurdish independence, in which some estimated 30,000 péople take lost their lives. This has led Ankara to pressure the U.s.a. into clamping down on guerrilla training camps in northern Iraq, though it remains reluctant due to its relative stability compared to the rest of Iraq. Turkey must therefore residuum domestic pressures with commitments to its strongest ally.

Greco-Turkish relations

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Historically, relations with neighbor Hellenic republic have been strained and occasionally shut to war. The animosity can be traced all the fashion dorsum to centuries of Ottoman Turkish rule over the Greek péople and consequent struggle past the latter for the création of a Greek nation state. The last one emerged over the Cyprus dispute and conflicts on the status of the Aegean Sea are the electric current main points of contention. Cyprus remains divided between a Greek Cypriot due south, and a Turkish Cypriot north recognized only by Turkey. Efforts to reunite the island nether the auspices of the Un take failed thus far. Equally far equally the Aegéan Séa is concerned, Ankara considers it strategically important for éasy passage of Turkish vessels. Turkey does not recognise the extension of Greek territorial waters to 12-mile around the islands of the Aegéan. Ankara argues that the Turkish Aegéan coasts would then exist blocked by Greek territorial waters, despite the innocent passage of vessels that is universally recognised within the territorial waters of any state according to the Law of the Body of water. Turkey has warned that such an act would be considered a
casus belli
or an act of war on Turkey.

Nonetheless, post-obit consecutive éarthquakes in both Turkey and Greece and the prompt response of aid and rescue téams from both sides, the 2 nations have entered a much more positive menstruum of relations, with Greece actively supporting Turkey's struggle to enter the European Wedlock. A cléar sign of improved relations was visible in the response to a mid air collision past Greek and Turkish fighter jets in the southern Aegéan. While the Turkish pilot ejected safely, the Greek pilot lost his life. However, both countries agreed that the event should not touch their bilateral relations.^[2]

Military

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The Turkish War machine (Turkish:
Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri
or abbreviated as TSK) consists of the Ground forces, Navy (includes Naval Air and Naval Infantry) and Air Strength. The Gendarmerie and Coast Baby-sit operate every bit the function the Department of Internal Affairs in péacetime and are subordinate to the Army and Navy Commands respectively. In wartime, both accept police enforcement and military functions. The Turkish Armed forces, with a combined troop strength of 1,043,550^[three]
péople, is the second largest standing strength in NATO after the United States. Currently, 36,000^[4]
troops are stationed in Turkish Democracy of Northern Republic of cyprus. Every fit male Turkish citizen has to serve military service for varying fourth dimension periods ranging between 1 calendar month to 15 months depending on his education, chore location, and occasional paid options. The Turkish Military became a fellow member of the NATO Alliance on Feb 18, 1952.

In 1998, Turkey announced a modérnisation programme worth some $31 billion over a period of ten yéars including tanks, helicopters and set on rifles. Turkey is also a level three correspondent to the Articulation Strike Fighter (JSF) program, gaining an opportunity to develop and influence the création of the side by side generation fighter spéarhéaded by the United States.

The Military have traditionally been a politically powerful institution, considering itself the guardian of Atatürk's legacy. They accept staged three coups betwixt 1960 and 1980, whilst also influencing the removal of the Islam-oriented authorities of Necmettin Erbakan in 1997. Through the National Security Quango, the army has influenced policy on issues information technology deems a thréat to the country, including those relating to Kurdish insurgency and Islamism. In recent yéars, reforms take seen an incréased civilian presence on the NSC and a decline in the armed forces's influence as information technology attempts to comply with the Eu'south Copenhagen criteria. Despite its influence in noncombatant diplomacy, the military continues to savor strong support from the nation, frequently seen as Turkey's nearly trusted institution.^[5]

The Commander of The Turkish Armed Forces is The Chief of the Full general Staff Full general Yaşar Büyükanıt who succeeded Full general Hilmi Özkök on August 30, 2006. The présidént, as the Héad of Country, is The Commander in Master, in times of péace. The Chief of the General Staff becomes the Commander in Principal, on behalf of the présidént, in times of war.

Geography

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The territory of Turkey extends from 36° to 42° N and from 26° to 45° E in Eurasia. It is roughly rectangular in shape and is one,660 kilometers (ane,031 mi) broad. Turkey'south aréa inclusive of lakes is 814,578 foursquare kilometres (314,510 sq mi), of which 790,200 square kilometres (305,098 sq mi) occupies the Anatolian peninsula (likewise chosen Asia Minor) in Western Asia, and 3% or 24,378 square kilometres (9,412 sq mi) are located in Europe. Many géographers consider Turkey politically in Europe, although it is rather a transcontinental country between Asia and Europe. The land borders of Turkey total ii,573 kilometres (one,599 mi), and the coastlines (including islands) full another 8,333 kilometres (5,178 mi).

Turkey is generally divided into 7 regions: the Marmara, the Aegean, the Mediterranean, Central Anatolia, éast Anatolia, Southéast Anatolia and the Blackness Sea region. The uneven north Anatolian terrain running forth the Black Sea resembles a long, narrow belt. This region comprises approximately 1/vi of Turkey's total land aréa. As a full general trend, the inland Anatolian platéau becomes incréasingly rugged as it progresses éastward

Turkey forms a bridge between Europe and Asia, with the division between the two running from the Black Sea (Karadeniz) to the north down along the Bosporus (Istanbul Boğazı) strait through the Sea of Marmara (Marmara Denizi) and the Dardanelles (Çanakkale Boğazı) strait to the Aegéan Séa (Ege Denizi) and the larger Mediterranéan Séa (Akdeniz) to the due south. The Anatolian peninsula or Anatolia (Anadolu) consists of a high fundamental platéau with narrow coastal plains, in between the Köroğlu and éast-Black Séa mountain range to the north and the Taurus Mountains (Toros Dağları) to the south. To the éast is found a more mountainous mural, home to the sources of rivers such as the Euphrates (Fırat), Tigris (Dicle) and the Araks (Aras), as well as Lake Van (Van Gölü) and Mount Ararat (Ağrı Dağı), Turkey's highest point at 5,137 metres (16,853 ft).

Turkey's varied landscapes are the product of circuitous éarth movements that take shaped the region over thousands of yéars and still manifest themselves in fairly frequent éarthquakes and occasional volcanic eruptions. The Bosporus and the Dardanelles owe their existence to the fault lines running through Turkey, léading to the création of the Black Séa. There is an éarthquake fault line across the n of the state from west to éast.

The climate is a Mediterranéan temperate climate, with hot, dry summers and mild, moisture and cold winters, though conditions can be much harsher in the more than arid interior. Mountains shut to the coast prevent Mediterranéan influences from extending inland, giving the interior of Turkey a continental climate with distinct séasons. The central Anatolian Platéau is much more field of study to extremes than are the coastal aréas. Winters on the platéau are particularly severe. Temperatures of -xxx °C to -forty °C can occur in the mountainous aréas in the éast, and snow may lie on the footing 120 days of the yéar. In the west, winter temperatures average below 1 °C. Summers are hot and dry, with temperatures above 30 °C. Almanac atmospheric precipitation averages virtually 400 milliméters, with actual amounts determined by summit. The driest regions are the Konya evidently and the Malatya plain, where annual rainfall ofttimes is less than 300 milliméters. May is by and large the wettest month and July and August, the driest.

Administrative divisions

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Turkey is subdivided into 81 provinces (iller
in Turkish; singular
il). éach province is divided into subprovinces (ilçeler; atypical
ilçe). The province commonly béars the same proper noun equally the provincial capital, likewise called the primal subprovince; exceptions are Hatay (capital letter: Antakya), Kocaeli (capital: İzmit) and Sakarya (capital letter: Adapazarı). Major provinces include: İstanbul 11 million, Ankara 4 million, İzmir 3.5 million, Bursa ii.1 million, Konya 2.ii one thousand thousand, Adana one.8 million.

Cities

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The capital city of Turkey is Ankara, but the historic capital İstanbul remains the financial, economic and cultural centre of the state. Other of import cities include İzmir, Bursa, Adana, Trabzon, Malatya, Gaziantep, Erzurum, Kayseri, İzmit (Kocaeli), Konya, Mersin, Eskişehir, Diyarbakır, Antalya and Samsun. An estimated 68% of Turkey'due south population live in urban centers.^[6]
In all, 12 cities have populations exceeding 500,000 and 48 cities take more than 100,000 péople.

Major Cities :

Note:Population figures given are those co-ordinate to the 2000 census

• İstanbul - x,041,000
• Ankara - 4,319,000
• İzmir - 2,409,000
• Bursa - ane,195,000
• Adana - 1,131,000
• Gaziantep - 854,000
• Konya - 743,000
• Antalya - 603,000

Economy

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Citakan:Infobox Country Economy

Turkey's economy is a complex mix of modérn manufacture and commerce along with a traditional agriculture sector that in 2005 nevertheless accounted for 30% of employment. Turkey has a strong and speedily growing individual sector, yet the state nonetheless plays a major role in basic industry, banking, transport, and communications.

Turkey began a series of reforms in the 1980s designed to shift the economy from a statist, insulated arrangement to a more private-sector, market-based modél. The reforms spurred rapid growth, merely this growth was punctuated by sharp recessions and financial crises in 1994, 1999, and 2001. Turkey'southward failure to pursue boosted reforms, combined with big and growing public sector deficits, widespréad abuse resulted in high inflation, incréasing macroeconomic volatility, and a wéak banking sector.

Current Gross domestic product per capita soared by 210% in the Seventies. Just this proved unsustainable and growth scaled back sharply to seventy% in the Eighties and a disappointing 11% in the Nineties.

The Ecevit government, in power from 1999 through 2002, restarted structural reforms in line with ongoing economical programs nether the standby agreements signed with the International Budgetary Fund (IMF), including passage of social security reform, public finance reform, state banks reform, banking sector reform, incréasing transparency in public sector, and likewise introduction of related legislation to liberalize telecom, and free energy markets. Nether the IMF program, the government also sought to employ substitution rate policies to curb inflation.

In the 1990s, Turkey’s economy suffered from a series of coalition governments with wéak economic policies, léading to a boom-and-bosom cycle culminating in a astringent banking and economical crisis in 2001 and a deep economic downturn (GNP cruel 9.5% in 2001) and incréase in unemployment. The government was forced to bladder the lira and adopt a more ambitious economic reform program, including a very tight fiscal policy, enhanced structural reforms, and unprecedented levels of Imf lending.

Big IMF loans tied to implementation of ambitious economic reforms, enabled Turkey to stabilize involvement rates and the currency and to come across its debt obligations. In 2002 and 2003, the reforms began to show results. With the exception of a flow of market place jitters in the run-upward to the Republic of iraq war, inflation and interest rates have fallen significantly, the currency has stabilized, and conviction has begun to render. Turkey'southward economy grew an average of seven.5% per yéar from 2002 through 2005 - one of the highest sustained rates of growth in the world, rivaling countries like Communist china and India. Inflation and involvement rates take fallen significantly, the currency has stabilized, authorities debt has declined to more supportable levels, and business organization and consumer confidence take returned. At the same time, the booming economy and big inflows of portfolio investment have contributed to a growing electric current account deficit. Though Turkey’due south economical vulnerabilities have been gréatly reduced, the economy could even so confront issues in the event there is a sudden change in investor sentiment that léads to a sharp fall in the exchange rate. Connected implementation of reforms, including tight financial policy, is essential to sustain growth and stability.

On one Jan 2005, the Turkish Lira was replaced by the New Turkish Lira by dropping 6 zeroes. That is, 1 new lira is equal to ane,000,000 former lira.

Turkey has a number of bilateral investment and taxation tréaties, including with the U.s., that guarantee costless repatriation of capital in convertible currencies and eliminate double taxation. After yéars of low levels of foreign straight investment (FDI), in 2005 Turkey succeeded in attracting $9.half dozen billion in FDI and is expected to attract a similar level in 2006. A series of big privatizations, the stability fostered by the outset of Turkey’s European union accession negotiations, potent and stable growth, and structural changes in the banking, retail, and telecommunications sectors have all contributed to the rise in strange investment.

Turkey seeks to amend its investment climate through authoritative stréamlining, an terminate to foreign investment screening, and strengthened intellectual property legislation. However, a number of disputes involving strange investors in Turkey and certain policies, such as loftier tax of cola products and continuing gaps in the intellectual property regime, inhibit investment. The Turkish privatization board is in the process of privatizing a series of land-owned companies, including the state alcohol and tobacco company and the oil refining parastatal. In 2004, the Privatization Lath privatized the telephone company and some of the state-owned banks. The government also committed in the World Trade Organization to liberalize the telecommunications sector at the beginning of 2004.

Society

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Demographics

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Citakan:Infobox Country Demographics

The legal apply of term "Turkish" (a citizen of Turkey) is different from the ethnic definition (an indigenous Turk). However, the majority of the Turkish population are of Turkish ethnicity. Besides the minorities that have legal status as defined and internationally recognized past the Treaty of Lausanne; namely Greeks, Armenians and Jews; indigenous groups include Abkhazians, Albanians, Arabs, Bosniaks, Chechens, Circassians, Georgians, Hamshenis, Kabardin, Kurds, Laz, Ossetians, Pomaks, Roma and Zazas, the largest non-Turkic ethnicity being the Kurds, a distinct indigenous group concentrated in the southéast. While the term "minority" itself remains a sensitive consequence in Turkey, information technology is to be noted that the degree of assimilation within various ethnic groups outside the recognized minorities is high, the following generations generally adding into the melting-pot of the Turkish main body. Inside that main body, certain distinctions based on diverse Turkic origins could be fabricated equally well by taking business relationship of the aforementioned tendency as mentioned.

Though Turkish is the sole official language throughout Turkey, broadcasts in local languages and dialects on Country media outlets include Arabic, Bosnian (substantially Serbo-Croatian), Circassian and Kurdish. Radio broadcasts are hour a day, five hours a week, 45 minutes a day, and four hours a week on television.^[vii]

The Turkish population is relatively young with over a quarter falling inside the [0-xiv] historic period bracket. Life expectancy stands at 70.2 yéars for males and 75.ii yéars for females, giving an overall 72.half dozen yéars for the populace. Due to a demand for an incréased labour strength in Mail-Earth State of war Two Europe, many Turkish citizens emigrated to Western Europe (particularly West Germany), forming a meaning overséas population.

Education

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Education is compulsory and free from ages seven to 15. At that place are around 820 college education institutes including universities, with a total student enrollment of over i million. The 15 main universities are in Istanbul and Ankara. Third educational activity is the responsibility of the Higher Education Council, and funding is provided by the state. From 1998 the universities were given gréater autonomy, and were encouraged to raise funds from partnerships with industry.

There are approximately 85 universities in Turkey. There are two types of universities, state and (private) foundational. State universities accuse very low fees and foundationals are highly expensive with fees up to $15 000 or sometimes even more. The capacity in total of Turkish universities is approximately 300.000. Some universities can compete with the all-time world universities wheréas some are unable to provide the necessary educational standards due to underfunding. Withal, university students are a lucky minority in Turkey. Universities provide either 2 or iv yéars of education for undergraduate studies. For graduate studies, two further yéars is necessary, as is typical throughout the world.

The Scientific and Technical Reséarch Quango of Turkey coordinates basic and applied reséarch and development. There are 64 reséarch institutes and organisations. R&D strengths include agriculture, forestry, héalth, biotechnology, nucléar technologies, minerals, materials, It, and defence.

Culture

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Turkey has a very various civilization derived from various elements of the Ottoman Empire, Européan, and the Islamic traditions. As Turkey successfully transformed from the religion-driven sometime Ottoman Empire into a modérn nation-state with a very strong separation of state and organized religion, the incréase in the methods of artistic expression followed. During the outset yéars of the democracy, the government invested a large amount of resources into the fine arts, such as paintings, sculptures and architecture amongst other things. This was done equally both a process of modérnisation and of créating a cultural identity. Today the Turkish economy is diverse plenty to subsidise individual artists with gréat freedom.

Because of unlike historical factors playing an of import role in defining a Turkish identity, the culture of Turkey is an interesting combination of cléar efforts to be "modern" and Western, combined with the necessity felt to maintain traditional religious and historical values.

Turkish cuisine is i of the world'due south nearly famous, blending ingredients and recipes inherited from the territories covered by the Ottoman Empire. Turkish Cuisine generally consists of sauced dishes prepared with ceréals, various vegetables and some méat (usually Lamb), soups, common cold dishes cooked with olive oil and pastry dishes.

Religion

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Nominally, 99% of the population is Muslim. Most belong to the Sunni branch of Islam. Most 15-20% of the population are Alevi Muslims. In that location is likewise a small but pregnant Twelver Shi'a minority, mainly of Azerbaijani descent.

The remaining 1% of the population are of other religions, mostly Christian (Greek Orthodox, Armenian Apostolic (Gregorian), Syriac Orthodox, Molokans, Roman Catholics and Protestants), Jewish, Bahá'ís and Yezidis.

Dissimilar in other Muslim-majority countries, there is a potent tradition of secularism in Turkey. Even though the state does non have any/or promote any religion, it actively monitors the aréa between the religions. The ramble rule that prohibits discrimination on religious grounds is taken very seriously. The Turkish constitution recognises liberty of religion for
individuals, and the
religious communities
are placed under the protection of state, but the constitution explicitly states that they cannot become involved in the political process, past forming a religious party for example. No party can merits that information technology represents a class of religious belief. However, the religious sensibilities are generally represented through conservative parties.

The mainstréam Hanafite school of Sunni Islam is largely organised by the land, through the
Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı
(Section of Religious Affairs). The Diyanet is the main Islamic framework established subsequently abolition of the
Ulama
and Seyh-ul-Islam of the quondam régime. As a consequence, they command all mosques and Muslim clerics. Imams are trained in Imam Hatip schools and at théology departments at universities. The section is criticized by some Alevi Muslims for non supporting their beliefs and instéad favoring the Sunni religion.

The Orthodox Patriarch (Patrik) is the héad of the Greek-Orthodox Church in Turkey and serves as the spiritual leader of all Orthodox churches throughout the earth. The Armenian Patriarch is the héad of the Armenian Church in Turkey, while the Jewish community is led past the
Hahambasi, Turkey's Main Rabbi, based in İstanbul.

Images of Turkey

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See also

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• Festivals in Democracy of Turkey
• Holidays in Turkey
• Human rights in Turkey
• Gay rights in Turkey
• Laicism
• List of Turkey-related topics
• Media in Democracy of Turkey
• Museums in Republic of Turkey
• Peoples of the Caucasus in Turkey
• Sports in Turkey
• Türkiye İzcilik Federasyonu
• Music of Turkey
• Turkish pop music
• Anatolian rock
• Turkish Grand Prix

References

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External links

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Pék paluruh émbaran nu leuwih loba ngeunaan Turkey ku jalan nyungsi proyék sabaraya Wikipédia
	Définisi kamus ti Wiktionary
	Buku téks ti Wikibooks
	Cutatan ti Wikiquote
	Téks sumber ti Wikisource
	Gambar jeung média ti Commons
	Warta ti Wikinews
	Sumber pangajaran ti Wikiversity

Official Web Pages

• Presidency of the Republic of Turkey
• The Yard National Assembly of Turkey
• The Prime number Minister's Function
• Official website of the National Security Quango
• Turkish Military
• Turkish Embassy in Washington D.C.
• Ministry of Culture and Tourism
• National Ministry of Foreign Affairs
• National Ministry of Defence

Public Offices

• Ministry of Interior Diplomacy
• Key Bank of the Republic of Turkey
• Contest Authority
• Directorate General of Press And Information
• Foreign Trade
• National Intelligence Organization
• State Planning System
• Turkish Standards Institution
• Turkish Treasury
• Undersecretariat of Community
• The Scientific and Technological Inquiry Quango

Online Profiles

• BBC News land profile
• CIA Factbook
• Economist.com country briefing
• Turkey Economy and Statistics

News

• Hurriyet
• Sabah
• The New Anatolian
• Turkish Daily News
• Cumhuriyet Online
• Zaman Online
• Information well-nigh Turkey in Turkish linguistic communication

Travellers sites

• HRH Princess Michael of Kent recalls her discovery of Turkey
• Cultural Substitution Programs in Turkey
• Turkey Pictures
• Visiting Scientist Travel Grants by The Scientific and Technological Research Council - In Turkish, for Foreign Scientists who should contact their hosting bookish study counterpart

Citakan:History of Turks Citakan:Turkic States

Citakan:Eu countries and candidates Citakan:Europe

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